Autophagy is a fundamental catabolic process that is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and protein quality control in the central nervous system (CNS). While neuronal autophagy has been extensively characterized, growing evidence highlights the indispensable roles of glial autophagy, specifically in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, in CNS physiology and pathology. These glial populations employ the autophagic machinery to regulate distinct but interconnected functions: astrocytes manage metabolic support and glutamate homeostasis; oligodendrocytes rely on autophagic flux for differentiation and myelin maintenance; and microglia employ specific pathways, such as LC3-associated phagocytosis, to orchestrate immune surveillance and inflammasome regulation. Impairment of glial autophagy has been implicated in non-cell-autonomous neurodegeneration, leading to excitotoxicity, myelin damage, the emergence of senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, and persistent neuroinflammation. Dysregulation of autophagic pathways during ageing has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this review we summarize the cell-type-specific molecular mechanisms of autophagy in glia, and delineate their role in the clearance of pathogenic aggregates such as β-amyloid, α-synuclein, and mutant huntingtin. A deeper understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of glial autophagy and associated intercellular crosstalk is essential to fully elucidate the complex etiology of age-associated neurodegenerative conditions.

The nucleolus, the largest membraneless organelle in the cell, is a biomolecular condensate that houses ribosomal DNA (rDNA), facilitates ribosomal subunit assembly, and serves as a dynamic reservoir for numerous unrelated proteins. Aging across eukaryotic species is accompanied by nucleolar expansion, raising the question of whether it is a correlate of aging or a driver of cellular aging. Recent studies suggest that nucleolar expansion may drive aging and this may result from age-associated changes in the biophysical properties of the nucleolus. Emerging evidence points to age-driven biophysical changes in the nucleolar condensate, including shifts in size, dynamics, and viscoelasticity, which may occur gradually or through transitions from a liquid-like state to denser gel-like, and in some contexts amyloid-like, assemblies. These transitions remodel two core condensate properties: compartmentalization and partitioning, with consequences for ribosome biogenesis and rDNA stability. Here, we review recent literature on age-driven changes in nucleolar condensation and discuss how these changes may influence nucleolar function and longevity.

Reproductive aging progressively impairs fertility and contributes to broader systemic decline. Stress granules (SGs), transient membraneless ribonucleoprotein assemblies formed during cellular stress, have recently emerged as important regulators of gonadal homeostasis. Their function is highly context dependent: properly resolved SGs promote cellular adaptation and survival, whereas persistent SGs disrupt proteostasis and trigger cell death pathways. In the testis, transient SGs protect germ cells under stress; however, persistent SG accumulation activates necroptosis through the ZBP1-RIPK3 axis, a pathway implicated in human non-obstructive azoospermia and testicular aging. In the ovary, defective autophagic clearance leads to pathological SG persistence in granulosa cells, while several SG-associated proteins are indispensable for normal oogenesis. Together, these findings indicate that dysregulated SG dynamics, particularly impaired clearance, represent a convergent mechanism linking cellular stress responses to reproductive decline. Despite these advances, critical gaps remain. The cell-type-specific regulation of SG assembly and disassembly within the gonad is not fully defined, and the molecular mechanisms by which persistent SGs drive tissue-level aging require clarification. Addressing these questions will refine our understanding of reproductive aging and its mechanistic connection to proteostatic imbalance.