It is becoming increasingly clear that the tumour microenvironment (TME) adopts a changing and increasingly complex landscape as tumours evolve. Central to the TME, and alongside malignant cells, are tissue resident and recruited macrophages, other immune cells, and endothelial cells, with the latter critical for angiogenesis and tumour development. Tumour vessels provide oxygen and nutrients and are portals for immune cells. Tumour cells, immune cells and endothelial cells engage in multi-directional crosstalk that untimately influence tumour progression and treatment responses. Adding to complexity, the TME often consists of oxygenated, and oxygen deprived or hypoxic regions, with the latter significantly contributing to disease progression and treatment resistance. However, the function of immune cells and endothelial cells change with ageing, and this underexplored area likely influences the aged TME and disease outcomes in the elderly. Solid cancers such as mesothelioma with known carcinogen exposure (asbestos) take decades to reach a diagnosable size, often emerging in people aged 60 years or more. Here, we discuss the influence of ageing on the function of tumour-associated immune cells, focussing on macrophages, and their possible interactions with endothelial cells, and how this might impact the evolving mesothelioma TME in elderly people.

Aims: The combination of CDK4/6 inhibitors and endocrine therapy (ET) is a standard first-line therapy for hormone receptor positive (HR+)/HER2- metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Preliminary data suggest that CDK4/6 inhibitors can alter the host immune function and stimulate tumor cell-directed immunity. However, clinical data are scarce, and no data exist about the impact of age and frailty on this phenomenon.

Materials and Methods: This biomarker substudy of the RibOB trial evaluated the impact of ribociclib and letrozole on circulating immune cell subsets and protein markers in older (≥ 70 years) patients with HR+/HER2-mBC. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell subtyping and analysis of plasma immune response and checkpoint markers were performed using flow cytometry at baseline and after three months of ribociclib + ET. Frailty status was assessed at baseline using G8 score.

Results: 20 patients (median age: 76 years, range: 70 - 87 years), 8 considered fit (G8 > 14), and 12 frail (G8 ≤ 14), were included. After three months of treatment, the immune subset composition showed significant increases in naïve B-, T-regulatory (Tregs), and CD4+ T-cells, while memory B-cells and Tregs were significantly decreased. In addition, consistent upregulation was seen in costimulatory receptors CD27 and CD28. Plasma immune checkpoint markers B7.2 (CD86) and PD-1 were significantly decreased. The immune subset profiles of fit versus frail persons showed no statistically significant difference.

Conclusions: The study shows that the combination of ribociclib and ET modulates the immune system in older patients, potentially reversing the age-related immunosenescence process by increasing naïve T-cell and B-cell populations and decreasing memory populations.

Clinical trial registration number: NCT03956654.

The global aging population is expected to experience a nofigure increase in cancer incidence, particularly among individuals aged 70 and older. At the same time, the extensive use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer treatment raises questions about the influence of immunosenescence, the age-related decline in immune function, on treatment efficacy in older patients. Despite promising outcomes, resistance to immunotherapies and the occurrence of severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs) remain challenges. Limited research has explored the correlation between immunosenescence markers in peripheral blood and the tumour microenvironment (TME), frailty, and ICI response, and irAEs in older patients. This commentary explores the interrelationship between immunosenescence and immunotherapy in older and frail patients with cancer undergoing ICI therapy. Understanding the impact of immunosenescence on treatment response and irAEs, and identifying reliable biomarkers, is crucial for future research in geriatric oncology, as this will possibly facilitate patient stratification and personalized treatment approaches, ultimately improving patient outcomes while minimizing irAE-related risks.

Aims: Aged individuals are significantly underrepresented in immunotherapy clinical trials for cancer. Little is known regarding the immunological and molecular dynamics that might regulate their responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This study aims to investigate the mechanisms affecting the response of elderly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to anti-PD-1 therapy.

Methods: We performed a single-cell analysis on public data from 419,107 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) across 11 elderly (≥ 65 years) and 5 non-elderly NSCLC patients treated with neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 therapy. The dataset, originally focused on mutation-associated neoantigen-specific T cells, was reprocessed to compare gene expression and molecular patterns associated with positive outcomes and tumor clearance between age groups.

Results: The analysis revealed that ICI responsiveness was not impaired by age, and T cell immunosenescence was observed in aged (≥ 65 years) and younger NSCLC individuals. Both elderly and young individuals produced responses with a heterogeneous molecular program associated with tumor-reactive CD8+ TILs. Specifically, T cells from elderly patients showed an enhanced expression of PDCD1 and CXCL13 (P < 0.001) in comparison to younger subjects.

Conclusion: Altogether, our findings demonstrate favorable molecular signatures in aged NSCLC individuals following anti-PD-1 treatment and suggest that the recruitment of older adults in immunotherapy clinical trials should not be dismissed solely on the grounds of age.

Over the past 50 years, the world has experienced a progressive demographic shift resulting in a higher proportion of older adults in the general population. Aging itself is a complex biological phenomenon, characterized in part by changes in the immune system, known as "immunosenescence", that make older adults more susceptible to infections, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Several strategies have been proposed to reverse immunosenescence. These include the use of hormones, cytokines, and thymic factors. Biomodulina T (BT) is a polypeptide fraction derived from bovine thymus. Intervention with BT expands naïve CD4+ T cells while decreasing the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing PD1 in older adults and patients diagnosed with advanced lung cancer. This brief review aims to present the most recent evidence on the effect of BT on the immune system in older adults and patients diagnosed with advanced lung cancer.

It is becoming increasingly clear that the tumour microenvironment (TME) adopts a changing and increasingly complex landscape as tumours evolve. Central to the TME, and alongside malignant cells, are tissue resident and recruited macrophages, other immune cells, and endothelial cells, with the latter critical for angiogenesis and tumour development. Tumour vessels provide oxygen and nutrients and are portals for immune cells. Tumour cells, immune cells and endothelial cells engage in multi-directional crosstalk that untimately influence tumour progression and treatment responses. Adding to complexity, the TME often consists of oxygenated, and oxygen deprived or hypoxic regions, with the latter significantly contributing to disease progression and treatment resistance. However, the function of immune cells and endothelial cells change with ageing, and this underexplored area likely influences the aged TME and disease outcomes in the elderly. Solid cancers such as mesothelioma with known carcinogen exposure (asbestos) take decades to reach a diagnosable size, often emerging in people aged 60 years or more. Here, we discuss the influence of ageing on the function of tumour-associated immune cells, focussing on macrophages, and their possible interactions with endothelial cells, and how this might impact the evolving mesothelioma TME in elderly people.

Aims: The combination of CDK4/6 inhibitors and endocrine therapy (ET) is a standard first-line therapy for hormone receptor positive (HR+)/HER2- metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Preliminary data suggest that CDK4/6 inhibitors can alter the host immune function and stimulate tumor cell-directed immunity. However, clinical data are scarce, and no data exist about the impact of age and frailty on this phenomenon.

Materials and Methods: This biomarker substudy of the RibOB trial evaluated the impact of ribociclib and letrozole on circulating immune cell subsets and protein markers in older (≥ 70 years) patients with HR+/HER2-mBC. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell subtyping and analysis of plasma immune response and checkpoint markers were performed using flow cytometry at baseline and after three months of ribociclib + ET. Frailty status was assessed at baseline using G8 score.

Results: 20 patients (median age: 76 years, range: 70 - 87 years), 8 considered fit (G8 > 14), and 12 frail (G8 ≤ 14), were included. After three months of treatment, the immune subset composition showed significant increases in naïve B-, T-regulatory (Tregs), and CD4+ T-cells, while memory B-cells and Tregs were significantly decreased. In addition, consistent upregulation was seen in costimulatory receptors CD27 and CD28. Plasma immune checkpoint markers B7.2 (CD86) and PD-1 were significantly decreased. The immune subset profiles of fit versus frail persons showed no statistically significant difference.

Conclusions: The study shows that the combination of ribociclib and ET modulates the immune system in older patients, potentially reversing the age-related immunosenescence process by increasing naïve T-cell and B-cell populations and decreasing memory populations.

Clinical trial registration number: NCT03956654.

Aims: Aged individuals are significantly underrepresented in immunotherapy clinical trials for cancer. Little is known regarding the immunological and molecular dynamics that might regulate their responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This study aims to investigate the mechanisms affecting the response of elderly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to anti-PD-1 therapy.

Methods: We performed a single-cell analysis on public data from 419,107 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) across 11 elderly (≥ 65 years) and 5 non-elderly NSCLC patients treated with neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 therapy. The dataset, originally focused on mutation-associated neoantigen-specific T cells, was reprocessed to compare gene expression and molecular patterns associated with positive outcomes and tumor clearance between age groups.

Results: The analysis revealed that ICI responsiveness was not impaired by age, and T cell immunosenescence was observed in aged (≥ 65 years) and younger NSCLC individuals. Both elderly and young individuals produced responses with a heterogeneous molecular program associated with tumor-reactive CD8+ TILs. Specifically, T cells from elderly patients showed an enhanced expression of PDCD1 and CXCL13 (P < 0.001) in comparison to younger subjects.

Conclusion: Altogether, our findings demonstrate favorable molecular signatures in aged NSCLC individuals following anti-PD-1 treatment and suggest that the recruitment of older adults in immunotherapy clinical trials should not be dismissed solely on the grounds of age.

The global aging population is expected to experience a nofigure increase in cancer incidence, particularly among individuals aged 70 and older. At the same time, the extensive use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer treatment raises questions about the influence of immunosenescence, the age-related decline in immune function, on treatment efficacy in older patients. Despite promising outcomes, resistance to immunotherapies and the occurrence of severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs) remain challenges. Limited research has explored the correlation between immunosenescence markers in peripheral blood and the tumour microenvironment (TME), frailty, and ICI response, and irAEs in older patients. This commentary explores the interrelationship between immunosenescence and immunotherapy in older and frail patients with cancer undergoing ICI therapy. Understanding the impact of immunosenescence on treatment response and irAEs, and identifying reliable biomarkers, is crucial for future research in geriatric oncology, as this will possibly facilitate patient stratification and personalized treatment approaches, ultimately improving patient outcomes while minimizing irAE-related risks.

Aims: To assess the influence of age, cancer type, and diverse risk factors on the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary infection (PPI) in patients undergoing thoracic surgery.

Aims: To assess the influence of age, cancer type, and diverse risk factors on the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary infection (PPI) in patients undergoing thoracic surgery.

Methods: The study encompassed a cohort of 231 patients who underwent thoracic surgery. These patients were randomly divided into two groups: a modeling population comprising 185 patients and a validation population comprising 46 patients, using a random number method at a ratio of 4:1. Bivariate logistic regression models were utilized to discern variables independently predictive of postoperative complications, utilizing SPSS 26.0 (SPSS Institute, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results: The analysis unveiled that male patients, individuals aged 65 years or older, and those with a history of smoking or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were significantly more predisposed to the development of postoperative pneumonia. Conversely, diabetes and hypertension were not identified as risk factors. Patients with extended intubation times, higher peri-operative bleeding, prolonged hospitalization, and longer operating times displayed an increased likelihood of developing postoperative pneumonia. Intriguingly, preoperative treatments like antibiotic administration and aerosol inhalation did not demonstrate a significant reduction in postoperative pneumonia incidence. Hematological assessments revealed that low preoperative albumin (pre-ALB) levels and other specific markers served as potential indicators of postoperative pneumonia. Binary logistic regression analysis identified pulmonary function, intubation duration, intraoperative bleeding, pre-ALB levels post-operation, and the duration of preoperative hospital stay as significant risk factors. A risk model formula was formulated and validated, successfully demonstrating model construction.

Conclusion: These findings underscore the pivotal importance of taking patient age, cancer type, and various risk factors into account when predicting and managing postoperative pneumonia in thoracic surgery patients.