Periodontitis, a bacteria-induced chronic inflammatory disease, is characterized by progressive destruction of periodontal tissues, thereby severely affecting aesthetics, mastication, and quality of life. A critical mechanism of periodontitis is mitochondrial dysfunction; therefore, various mitochondria-regulating biomaterials have been designed to restore mitochondrial homeostasis and further enhance antibacterial defense, modulate immune responses, and promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In this review, the pathogenic mechanisms derived from mitochondrial dysfunction of various cell types and their effect on periodontal regeneration are comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, mitochondria-regulating biomaterials for periodontitis treatment along with the challenges and future perspectives for clinical translation are discussed.

Ferroptosis is a dependent and controlled form of cell death, which is characterized by lipid peroxidation and impaired antioxidant defense, and has become an important mechanism of myocardial damage. It promotes myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, septic cardiomyopathy, and pathological remodeling, making it a potential therapeutic target. A nanozyme is a nanomaterial with enzyme mimicking catalytic activity, which provides a multifunctional method for oxidative stress regulation, iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation. In this mini-review, we summarize the participation of ferroptosis in myocardial lesions and its main treatment goals, as well as the recent use of nanozymes to reduce cardiac inflammation, myocardial cell death, fibrosis, and adverse remodeling. Although some studies provide direct evidence of ferroptosis regulation, the nanozyme-mediated heart protection mechanism has not been fully defined. Problems such as cardiac targeting, biosafety, pharmacokinetics, biodegradability, and clinical verification also limit translation. Subsequently, the development of nanozymes that are targeted to the heart and mechanically determined can promote clinical research on the regulation of ferroptosis during myocardial lesions.

This review summarizes the research progress on bone adhesives as alternatives to traditional metal internal fixation, highlighting the differences in microenvironment and structure among bones with different bone qualities, which necessitate a shift from universal to personalized adhesive design. The article outlines four key clinical objectives: rapid and robust adhesion, sufficient adhesive and cohesive strength, adjustable degradation and good biocompatibility, biological promotion and microenvironment modulation. It evaluates systems such as cyanoacrylate, calcium phosphate cement, and biomimetic composite hydrogels, while analyzing adhesion mechanisms like catechol-mediated and phosphate-calcium coordination. For different bone qualities and anatomical sites, differentiated design strategies are proposed, emphasizing the synergistic optimization of adhesive chemistry, mechanical behavior, degradation, and bioactivity. This review provides direction for the development and clinical translation of next-generation bone adhesives.

Ga-based liquid metal (LM), particularly gallium-based alloys, uniquely combines metallic conductivity with fluidic flexibility, offering attractive opportunities for biomedical technologies that are difficult to achieve with conventional solid-state metals. This review first summarizes the expanding applications of LM in microfluidics, flexible electronics, biosensing, drug delivery, and thermal therapy, highlighting the functional advantages arising from its fluidity, deformability, and electrical conductivity. However, the limitations that hinder broader biomedical implementation remain: although the native gallium oxide layer can stabilize LM structures, it also introduces challenges in oxidation control, wettability, interfacial adhesion, conductivity, and long-term reliability. Against this background, surface engineering is presented as a central strategy for addressing these limitations. We systematically review surface modification approaches based on small molecules, polymers, biological coatings, and related interfacial strategies for improving stability, biocompatibility, and functionality. We further discuss fabrication approaches for integrating surface-engineered LM into wearable platforms, including 3D printing and hydrogel-based architectures. Finally, persistent challenges involving surface tension, adhesion, nanoparticle aggregation, conductivity loss, electrochemical corrosion, mechanical mismatch, biocompatibility, and sterilization are critically evaluated together with corresponding solutions. This application-surface-engineering framework provides a roadmap for designing multifunctional, surface-engineered LM-based systems, while outlining future directions for translating these materials from laboratory studies to clinical and practical biomedical applications.

Adoptive cell therapy continues to encounter diverse hurdles in treating solid tumors, including poor infiltration, an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and tumor immune evasion, necessitating the endowment of effector cells with multiple functionalities. However, conventional cell-engineering techniques, including genetic editing and chemical modification, usually modulate a single functional axis to yield a monofunctional effector cell that can overcome only one physiological barrier, leading to insufficient solid tumor suppression. Recently, membrane-fusogenic liposomes have emerged as a multiplex engineering tool capable of directly producing multifunctional effector cells to simultaneously surmount multiple challenges for effective antitumor efficacy. Through a fusion process, this liposome concurrently achieves immune cell surface functionalization and intracellular delivery of bioactive molecules, thereby endowing effector cells with multiple functionalities within a single step. This minireview summarizes recent advances in the use of fusogenic liposomes for immune cell engineering to boost their therapeutic efficacy against solid tumors. We discuss their design principles and representative applications, and analyze their technical advantages and current limitations. Looking forward, we propose that membrane-fusogenic liposomes hold potential to advance the development of multimodal engineered immune cells for next-generation cancer immunotherapies.