Ga-based liquid metal (LM), particularly gallium-based alloy, uniquely combines metallic conductivity with fluidic flexibility, offering attractive opportunities for biomedical technologies that are difficult to achieve with conventional solid-state metals. This review firstly summarizes the expanding applications of LM in microfluidics, flexible electronics, biosensing, drug delivery, and thermal therapy, highlighting the functional advantages arising from their fluidity, deformability, and electrical conductivity. However, the limitations that hinder broader biomedical implementation remain: though the native gallium oxide layer can stabilize LM structures, it also introduces challenges in oxidation control, wettability, interfacial adhesion, conductivity, and long-term reliability. Against this background, surface engineering is presented as a central strategy for addressing these limitations. We systematically review surface modification approaches based on small molecules, polymers, biological coatings, and related interfacial strategies for improving stability, biocompatibility, and functionality. We further discuss fabrication approaches for integrating surface engineered LM into wearable platforms, including 3D printing and hydrogel-based architectures. Finally, persistent challenges involving surface tension, adhesion, nanoparticle aggregation, conductivity loss, electrochemical corrosion, mechanical mismatch, biocompatibility, and sterilization are critically evaluated together with corresponding solutions. This application-surface engineering framework provides a roadmap for designing multifunctional, surface engineered LM-based systems, while outlining future directions for translating these materials from laboratory studies to clinical and practical biomedical applications.

Adoptive cell therapy continues to encounter diverse hurdles in treating solid tumors, including poor infiltration, an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and tumor immune evasion, necessitating the endowment of effector cells with multiple functionalities. However, conventional cell-engineering techniques, including genetic editing and chemical modification, merely modulate a single functional axis to yield a monofunctional effector cell that can overcome only one physiological barrier, leading to insufficient solid tumor suppression. Recently, membrane-fusogenic liposomes have emerged as a multiplex engineering tool capable of straightforwardly producing multifunctional effector cells to synchronously surmount multiple challenges for effective antitumor efficacy. Through a fusion process, this liposome concurrently achieves immune cell surface functionalization and intracellular delivery of bioactive molecules, thereby endowing effector cells with multiple functionalities within a single step. This minireview summarizes recent advances in the use of fusogenic liposomes for immune cell engineering to boost their therapeutic efficiency on solid tumors. We discuss their design principles, representative applications, and analyze their technical advantages and current limitations. Looking forward, we propose that membrane-fusogenic liposomes hold potential to advance the development of multimodal engineered immune cells for next-generation cancer immunotherapies.

Autologous nerve grafting remains the clinical benchmark for the repair of peripheral nerve injury (PNI), but its widespread application is limited by restricted donor availability, donor-site morbidity, and functional mismatch. Allogeneic nerve grafting introduces additional concerns, including immune rejection and potential disease transmission. Accordingly, tissue-engineered nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) have emerged as promising alternatives for peripheral nerve repair. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the design and fabrication of high-performance NGCs. We first discuss material-selection principles related to biodegradability, mechanical performance, and cell-adhesive properties, with emphasis on synthetic polymers such as polycaprolactone and natural biomaterials such as silk fibroin and chitosan. We then compare major fabrication strategies, including mold casting, freeze-drying, 3D printing, and electrospinning, highlighting their respective capabilities and limitations in controlling conduit geometry, porosity, micro/nanotopography, and directional guidance. Finally, we summarize functionalization strategies for remodeling the local regenerative microenvironment, including electrical functionalization, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant modifications, and pro-vascularization approaches. Compared with conventional single-layer conduits, multistructured biomimetic NGCs offer greater potential to integrate mechanical support, topographical guidance, electrical regulation, immunomodulation, and vascular support within a single regenerative platform, thereby providing a promising framework for the development and clinical translation of next-generation multifunctional NGCs.

As the global population ages, the prevalence of age-related conditions such as osteoporosis continues to increase, leading to greater use of orthopedic implants. However, implant-associated infections can cause severe complications, including loss of implant function, limb sequelae, and increased mortality. Biofilm formation is a major contributor to persistent implant-associated infection. Although biofilm formation and treatment strategies are increasingly understood, conventional approaches remain limited by delayed action, drug resistance, and off-target effects. Intelligent stimuli-responsive materials that react to pathological microenvironments or externally applied stimuli therefore have considerable potential for implant-related applications. This review first outlines the mechanisms of biofilm formation and current treatment strategies, with emphasis on their advantages and limitations. We then summarize advances in stimuli-responsive antibiofilm materials in orthopedics and related fields. Finally, we discuss the remaining obstacles that must be addressed before implantable stimuli-responsive systems can effectively target the biofilm microenvironment and progress toward clinical translation.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces immunogenic cell death (ICD) through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, bridging localized tumor ablation with systemic antitumor immunity. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) erects three barriers that intercept the PDT-immune cascade at distinct levels. The biochemical barrier, defined by chronic hypoxia and elevated antioxidant defenses, restricts ROS accumulation below the ICD threshold. The physical barrier, constructed by a dense extracellular matrix and activated cancer-associated fibroblasts, confines photosensitizers to the tumor periphery and excludes effector immune cells. The immunosuppressive barrier, mediated by tumor-associated macrophages, regulatory T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, neutralizes immune activation signals even after successful ICD induction. These barriers are deeply coupled: breaching any single layer yields limited benefit when the others remain intact. This review examines how barrier-oriented PDT-immunotherapy strategies, particularly nanoplatform-enabled approaches, can relieve these three barriers and restore the PDT-immune cascade.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, like PD-1/PD-L1 blockers, have revolutionized cancer treatment in recent years. However, these therapies still face many problems, such as low objective response rates and drug resistance, making clinical treatment very difficult. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), including various subtypes such as “cold tumors”, “hot tumors”, and “immune-rejecting tumors”, as well as complex immunosuppressive mechanisms, is a major factor leading to resistance to immunotherapy. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can aid in treatment by inducing immunogenic cell death, but they often lead to PD-L1 upregulation, which causes treatment effects to vary over time and space and reduces their efficacy. Given their excellent biocompatibility, drug delivery capacity, and responsiveness to environmental factors, nanomaterials offer a novel opportunity to address this challenge. This review explores sequential nanoregulation strategies based on different types of TME, describes how functionalized nanocarriers, such as stimulus-responsive polymers, liposomes, and biomimetic nanoparticles, can be used to detect changes in the microenvironment, like pH, enzymes, and reactive oxygen species, and to precisely deliver drugs when needed. This will allow researchers to target key points of immune activation, thereby blocking immune checkpoint signaling. These specific strategies, which include antigen release, immune system activation, and blocking interventions, not only offer new approaches for overcoming PD-L1 resistance but also shed light on the challenges and opportunities associated with applying these strategies in clinical practice.

Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles (LNPs) offer an emerging non-invasive theranostic platform for monitoring and treating neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) own to their high optical stability, deep tissue penetration, and excellent biocompatibility. Their key advantage lies in the ability to produce upconversion or downshifting luminescence under near-infrared excitation, enabling high-resolution deep-tissue imaging and in situ monitoring, particularly suitable for tracking pathological progression and studying molecular interactions in disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. By integrating functional components such as organic dyes, noble metal nanoparticles, or therapeutic agents, LNPs can be engineered into multifunctional theranostic nanoplatforms capable of simultaneous diagnosis and targeted therapy. Moreover, their precisely tunable emission properties open new avenues for deep-brain imaging and optical modulation. This review systematically summarizes the luminescence mechanisms of LNPs and recent advances in their applications for biosensing and diagnosis in NDs. It covers the detection of key biomarkers, including metal ions, nucleic acids, proteins, and reactive oxygen species. The discussion further extends to the therapeutic strategies targeting intracellular and microenvironmental factors, as well as synergistic approaches, with a particular emphasis on the role of LNPs in targeted drug delivery and combined theranostics. Finally, the review discusses future prospects for leveraging this platform to improve clinical outcomes in NDs.

Wearable electrocardiography (ECG) is shifting cardiovascular monitoring from episodic in-hospital testing to continuous out-of-hospital assessment. Artificial intelligence-enabled ECG (AI-ECG) provides a new pathway for extracting clinically useful information from out-of-hospital wearable recordings. This review is organized around the wearable AI-ECG monitoring pipeline, summarizing key advances in model development, clinical application, and real-world validation, while emphasizing the special requirements that wearable scenarios impose on algorithm design and clinical translation. At present, arrhythmia screening remains the most mature application of AI-ECG, with deep learning models achieving cardiologist-level or clinician-comparable performance in several well-defined tasks. With the growing availability of long-term continuous recordings, research is further extending from post-event recognition to pre-event warning, particularly for high-risk events such as acute atrial fibrillation and malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Related methods are evolving from traditional feature-based machine learning toward deep learning and foundation models that can exploit waveform morphology, rhythm dynamics, and long-range temporal information. Beyond rhythm disorders, AI-ECG is also being explored for structural cardiac abnormalities, metabolic disorders, and broader systemic risk prediction, suggesting a potential role for ECG as a digital biomarker platform. However, several barriers continue to limit clinical translation, including limited cross-device and cross-population generalizability, insufficient interpretability, and the lack of prospective real-world validation. Future progress will likely depend on standardized data systems, artifact-aware modeling, cross-device validation, foundation models, longitudinal risk modeling, and intelligent systems designed for clinical workflows. Overall, wearable AI-ECG is evolving from passive abnormality detection toward continuous, proactive, and personalized health risk assessment.

Pancreatic cancer, particularly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), presents formidable treatment challenges owing to the intricacies of its anatomical structures and biological impediments. RNA-based therapeutics offer unprecedented potential for PDAC treatment. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advances in PDAC-targeted nucleic acid delivery systems, including extracellular vesicles, polymer carriers, lipid nanoparticles, viral vectors, and antibody-drug conjugates. Key features of each delivery platform, such as their structural modifications and targeting mechanisms, are highlighted. Additionally, the review emphasizes their capacity to overcome PDAC-specific biological barriers (e.g., blood-pancreatic barrier, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, dense extracellular matrix). It also outlines current challenges and future directions in optimizing nucleic acid delivery for PDAC. Integrating the latest insights into PDAC biology, delivery system engineering, and nucleic acid drug development, this review provides a concise, up-to-date perspective to guide the design of effective translational strategies for PDAC therapy.

Understanding the structure-property relationship of braided nitinol stents is critical for developing devices with optimized mechanical performance for endovascular applications. This study systematically investigates how key geometric parameters (including points per inch (PPI), braiding angle, wire count, wire coverage coefficient (WCC), diameter, and braiding architecture), influence the compressive, bending, and torsional behavior of nitinol stents. A combined experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) approach was used to evaluate 54 configurations under three mechanical loading conditions. Results reveal strong linear correlations (R² ≥ 0.90) between mechanical performance and PPI, WCC, braiding angle, and diameter. Wire count plays a contradictory role in mechanical performance: higher wire numbers increase bending and torsional stiffness but reduce radial strength. The 1-1 braid structure provides superior torsional and bending strength compared to the 1-2 structure, without compromising compressive strength. Notably, in small-diameter (1 mm) catheters, increasing PPI reduces flexibility and torsional stiffness, contrary to trends observed in larger diameters. These findings offer a comprehensive design guideline for tailoring stent architecture to match specific mechanical and clinical requirements.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the design of ionizable lipids, the pivotal components of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery, enabling efficient exploration of vast chemical space of ionizable lipids beyond the reach of traditional methods. This mini-review explores the burgeoning field of AI-powered design and optimization of ionizable lipids for mRNA delivery. We also discuss the critical role of high-throughput experimental strategies, particularly barcoding coupled with next-generation sequencing, in generating the large-scale in vivo datasets for model training. Finally, we discuss current challenges, including data quality and the necessity for domain-specific modeling strategies, and present a future outlook on the integration of AI with scientific computing for LNP research.

Microwave (MW) medicine has emerged as a distinct interdisciplinary field, predicated on the unique capacity of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation to penetrate deep-seated tissues and interact efficiently with biological dielectrics for diverse therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Despite its clinical establishment in tumor ablation and hemostasis, conventional MW interventions are largely constrained by non-selective macroscopic heating, leaving the intricate potential of non-thermal biophysical modulation underutilized. The integration of engineered biomaterials provides a transformative framework to bridge this gap, enabling the precise modulation of MW-tissue interactions at the micro- and nanoscale. This review systematically elucidates how rational material design via tuning dielectric and magnetic loss, band-gap engineering, and structural polarization expands MW medicine beyond bulk heating toward controlled biological regulation. We discuss mechanisms where biomaterials function as localized energy antennas to sharpen thermal gradients, as MW-dynamic sensitizers to induce reactive oxygen species generation, and as intelligent interfaces to regulate ionic homeostasis. Representative advancements are summarized across antitumor, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory therapies, alongside innovations in high-fidelity thermoacoustic imaging. Furthermore, emerging frontiers in non-destructive tissue repair and neuromodulation are highlighted. This review critically examines the design principles and translational challenges of MW-based medical technologies by analyzing correlations between physicochemical parameters and specific biological outcomes. It is expected to advance MW medicine from empirically guided thermal interventions toward mechanism-driven, precision-targeted electromagnetic therapeutics.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are pivotal regulators of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and major contributors to resistance against conventional and immunotherapeutic interventions. Rather than eliminating TAMs, emerging strategies aim to functionally reprogram them toward an antitumor phenotype, a therapeutic objective uniquely enabled by the precise, transient, and non-integrating nature of mRNA, which allows reversible modulation without genomic risk. Recent progress in nanocarrier design has improved selective delivery to TAMs through both passive uptake and active targeting, with administration routes tailored to tumor location. Precise immunomodulatory interventions in macrophages, accomplished by mRNA payloads designed to induce pro-inflammatory polarization, enhance phagocytosis, or block immunosuppressive signals, thereby remodel the tumor immune microenvironment and generate synergy with established treatments. Future efforts might concentrate on macrophage heterogeneity, carrier immunogenicity, and scalable formulation development to advance clinical translation, not only in cancer but also in other diseases shaped by dysregulated macrophage function.

Antibody-targeted lipid nanoparticles (Ab-LNPs) represent a highly promising delivery platform for precision therapy, enabling efficient in vivo targeted delivery of nucleic acid drugs such as mRNA, DNA and siRNA. Currently, the two primary strategies for antibody functionalization of LNPs are the post-insertion method and direct surface conjugation. This review outlines the key chemistry, manufacturing, and controls challenges associated with scaling up of Ab-LNP production, with a focus on antibody modification strategies, process scale-up challenges, and quality control considerations. It aims to provide practical guidance for translating Ab-LNP technology from laboratory research to scalable manufacturing.

Magnesium alloys are primarily composed of magnesium, with the additions of elements such as calcium, yttrium, and zinc. In the human physiological environment, they gradually degrade, and their degradation products can be absorbed, exhibiting excellent biocompatibility, mechanical properties comparable to bone tissue, and degradability; thus, they hold broad prospects in orthopedics. Nanotechnology involves the design and manufacture of materials, devices, and systems with unique physical, chemical, and biological properties by controlling the arrangement and interactions of atoms, molecules, or nanostructural units at the nanoscale (1-100 nm). The integration of these two technologies shows exceptional potential for orthopedic regenerative repair. Nanotechnology significantly enhances the mechanical performance, bioactivity, antibacterial properties, and controlled degradation of biodegradable magnesium alloys through various approaches, while biodegradable magnesium alloys provide an ideal biomaterial carrier for nanotechnology, enabling the better exertion of its advantages in bone tissue repair. This review summarizes the innovations arising from the fusion of magnesium alloys and nanotechnology in bone repair, aiming to advance the evolution of orthopedic medical devices, promote a shift in clinical treatment paradigms toward personalized and precise therapy, and ultimately deliver superior and more efficient therapeutic options for patients with orthopedic conditions, thereby improving human health and quality of life.

Medical catheters constitute indispensable components of contemporary healthcare, yet they are confronted with persistent limitations in biocompatibility and functionality, such as thrombosis, infection, and tissue injury, which adversely affect patient safety and therapeutic outcomes. Surface coating technology has consequently arisen as a critical approach to reengineer the catheter-biological interface, thereby augmenting functional performance while preserving the intrinsic properties of the bulk materials. This review systematically outlines recent advances in coating technologies for medical catheters. It begins by analyzing mainstream coating methods, such as layer-by-layer self-assembly, surface grafting, and biomimetic adhesion, followed by the introduction of coatings with anticoagulant, antibacterial, lubricant, and multifunctional properties. The effectiveness and challenges of these coatings in clinical applications, such as cardiovascular intervention, long-term indwelling urinary catheters, and respiratory management are critically examined. Finally, the review discusses current translational bottlenecks and future trends toward intelligent, durable, and cost-effective coating solutions, providing a comprehensive reference for developing next-generation high-performance medical catheters.

T cell-derived extracellular vesicles (TcEVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer-bound particles, including exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and T cell microvilli particles. TcEVs possess advantages such as high yield, favorable biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and excellent solid tumor penetration, showing great potential in cancer immunotherapy. However, natural TcEVs exhibit weak targeting ability, limited immune activity, and low drug-loading capacity. To address these issues, several engineering strategies have been adopted to modify the vesicles through genetic engineering, surface modification, and drug-loading, thereby achieving effective treatment of both hematological and solid tumors. This review summarizes TcEVs’ classification, biological functions, engineering strategies, and applications in cancer immunotherapy, while discussing challenges and prospects to facilitate their clinical translation.

Traditional cancer treatment methodologies, including chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, commonly lead to severe adverse reactions. In recent years, innovative treatment modalities, particularly photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), have garnered increasing attention due to their enhanced therapeutic levels. Against this background, black TiO₂, a new kind of functional material, has become a research emphasis in the domain of cancer treatment. This material exhibits broad spectral absorption and strong near-infrared light penetration, enabling it to efficiently satisfy the optical requirements of both PDT and PTT. This article presents a mini review of PDT, PTT, and their synergistic combination strategies based on black TiO₂.

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is pivotal for addressing bone defects. It integrates biomaterials, cells, and bioactive factors to mimic the natural bone microenvironment, thereby promoting bone regeneration and repair. In this system, scaffolds provide physical support and nutrient transport for cells. Three-dimensional (3D) printing revolutionizes BTE by fabricating customized scaffolds tailored to individual patients. As the cornerstone of 3D bioprinting, bioinks must meet strict biocompatibility and printability requirements to drive BTE advancement. In this review, we first explore the principles, advantages, and limitations of various bioprinting techniques. Furthermore, we also summarized recent breakthroughs and merits of three key photo-crosslinking reactions, including photoinitiated free radical crosslinking, photoclick crosslinking, and photo-conjugation crosslinking. Moreover, this review focused on the properties of natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and calcium phosphate-based inorganic materials in bioink formulation, as well as their BTE applications. Finally, a concise outlook on the future advancement of photocurable bioinks was provided.

Pathological calcification is typically regarded as a pathological endpoint, representing the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues. With the continuous advancement of research, scientists have explored novel therapeutic strategies involving the induced calcification of tumor cells, demonstrating its potential therapeutic capabilities. Recently, a pioneering study on the use of induced calcification to treat bacterial infections has been reported. This commentary first introduces the classification, etiology, and treatment of pathological calcification. Then, the antibacterial effects of induced calcification therapy through the delicately designed antibacterial agent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are generally demonstrated and discussed. The underlying mechanism of induced calcification for the treatment of chronic lung infections and chronic osteomyelitis caused by MRSA is revealed from the perspectives of bacterial energy metabolism and immune modulation. At the end of this commentary, challenges and future directions for induced calcification therapy are also briefly presented.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease driven by synovial inflammation and immune dysregulation, especially in the knee joint. Macrophages play a key role in innate immunity and can differentiate into pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes, which have a significant impact on the progression of OA. Electrospun nanofiber membranes, as a promising biomaterial, can regulate the polarization of macrophages towards the M2 phenotype, thereby reducing inflammation and promoting tissue repair. This article systematically reviews the immune microenvironment of OA, the mechanism of macrophage polarization, and the role of nanofiber membranes in the treatment of OA. In conclusion, the continuous development of nanofiber membrane technology will greatly change the future of OA treatment and provide more effective and efficient solutions for patients.

Bacterial infections caused by biomaterials represent a significant challenge in the clinical management of implants. Implant infections not only lead to surgical failure, prolong patient hospital stays, and increase healthcare costs, but may also trigger severe complications and even pose a threat to the patient’s life. Research on antimicrobial materials for metal implant surfaces holds significant importance. By developing antimicrobial coatings for implant surfaces or utilizing inherently antimicrobial metallic materials, bacterial adhesion and growth on implant surfaces can be effectively suppressed, thereby reducing infection rates and improving the success rate of implant surgeries. Simultaneously, the development of antimicrobial materials also contributes to advancing medical materials science, offering new approaches and methodologies for antimicrobial design in other medical devices. This holds broad application prospects and significant socioeconomic benefits.

Peripheral nerve injury remains a significant clinical challenge, particularly in cases of long-gap defects. While autologous nerve grafting serves as the current gold standard treatment, its limitations include donor site morbidity and limited donor nerve availability. As a promising alternative, nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) have emerged within the field of tissue engineering. Incorporating electrical stimulation into NGCs has been shown to facilitate peripheral nerve repair by promoting Schwann cell migration and neurite extension. A significant advancement in this area is the application of piezoelectric biomaterials, which generate endogenous electrical signals from physiological mechanical stimuli. This self-powered mechanism eliminates the need for external power sources or additional surgical interventions. This review systematically examines the material design, fabrication strategies, and electromechanical properties of piezoelectric NGCs, along with their recent applications for enhancing Schwann cell function, guiding axonal growth, and promoting functional nerve recovery. Furthermore, it discusses current challenges and future directions, aiming to provide novel insights for the development of next-generation intelligent neural repair materials.

Adrenaline hydrochloride is an indispensable drug in clinical emergencies, effective at alleviating critical conditions such as weak pulse and respiratory distress. However, the catechol moiety in its molecular structure is prone to oxidation, leading to drug degradation, reduced efficacy, and a short half-life. These inherent limitations significantly restrict its broader clinical application. To address this challenge, this study constructed an intelligent microneedle patch designed to stabilize drugs. We first grafted 3-aminophenylboronic acid onto silk fibroin via 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide coupling chemistry. This design enables the formation of reversible boronic ester bonds between phenylboronic acid and the catechol structure of adrenaline, effectively shielding the oxidation-sensitive sites and significantly enhancing the drug’s storage stability. Upon insertion into the skin, the microneedles encounter the physiological environment where glucose competitively binds to the phenylboronic acid, triggering the cleavage of the boronic ester bonds and resulting in the on-demand release of adrenaline. A cumulative drug release rate of approximately 60% was achieved over 24 hours. This study proposes a novel “protection-release” dual-functional design, offering a new strategy for the efficient delivery and stabilized storage of catechol-containing drugs. This approach holds significant promise for applications in emergency medicine and the long-term storage of pharmaceuticals.

Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach in cancer therapeutics, yet its clinical translation remains constrained by significant challenges, including tumor immune evasion mechanisms and suboptimal efficacy of monotherapy, collectively impeding the full realization of its therapeutic potential. With their unique physicochemical properties, tunable enzyme-mimetic activities, and ability to induce cuproptosis, copper-based nanomaterials provide a new solution to overcome these limitations and have become a research focus in the field of targeted antitumor immunotherapy. This review systematically summarizes the research progress of copper-based nanomaterials in tumor immunotherapy, with a focus on discussing their core antitumor immunological mechanisms. These materials trigger immunogenic cell death by inducing cuproptosis and activate the body’s innate and adaptive immune responses through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, such as calreticulin, high-mobility group box 1, adenosine triphosphate, and mitochondrial DNA. Meanwhile, they remodel the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by alleviating tumor hypoxia, scavenging immunosuppressive metabolites, and reducing immunosuppressive cells. On this basis, this review further analyzes the combined therapeutic strategies of copper-based nanomaterials with immune checkpoint blockade, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, sonodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. It also elaborates on the specific mechanisms by which various combined regimens enhance antitumor efficacy, such as through synergistically amplifying oxidative stress, strengthening cell death effects, or improving therapeutic targeting. Additionally, this review discusses the current challenges faced by copper-based nanomaterials in clinical translation and points out future development directions. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the clinical translation of multifunctional copper-based nanoplatforms. It also offers new insights for the development of tumor immunotherapies based on metal and redox biology, helping to overcome immune tolerance and improve the efficacy of antitumor treatment.

The effectiveness of hemostasis during spinal surgery directly influences the surgical success rate and patient prognosis. Minimally invasive surgery has multiple advantages, including reductions in intraoperative and postoperative blood loss, minimized damage to surrounding tissues, and alleviation of postoperative pain. However, when the spinal epidural venous plexus is located within deep cavities, achieving sufficient hemostasis often presents challenges due to limited operating space and the limitations of traditional hemostatic materials. In recent years, novel adhesive hemostatic hydrogels have served as local injectable hemostatic agents. These hydrogels function through dual mechanisms: physical blockage of bleeding sites and biological activation, such as promoting coagulation cascades, thereby showing significant advantages in bleeding control at complex anatomical sites. Accordingly, this article systematically reviews the progress of basic research and clinical translation related to hemostatic materials over the past five years to provide a scientific foundation for optimizing perioperative hemostatic strategies.